2.
  -2024
..  

[  :  ]
:      :75
:    -    ,        
              ,  
             

-
1.       -    
2.             
   
-
3.   -             
         
4.   -           
           
2.
-
5.               
      
6.  -   -        
  
-
7.              
    
8.    ?   -      
   
2.
  -2024
..  

[  :  ]
:      :75
:    -    ,        
              ,  
             

-
1.       -    

:󷊆󷊇 
:   
   
         
    
  ,       ,       
 ,  
         ,       
    
    ,        - 
    
           ,   
,     ,         -      

            :   ?    
   
  
2.
""    resurgere   ,    " "  
,                  
   ,            
 ,         
 -         
          
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 :
         
       
           '   
 ,      ,        ""   

          
 ,   =  / +    +   + 
   (  )
     ,     :
1.  :     : , , , ,
   , 
2.  - :         
: , , , 
3.  : ,  ,     : ,
, , 
  
              
,        
 : -  
      
 :     
    ,         
󷇮󷇭    
  ,          - , ,  ,
 ,                
2.
      ,      : ,   
         
 -   ,         ,   
,       ,           
 '     -,        

              ,   
                
  
1.   '   
       :    
 
  ()    
  (, ,   ) 
 
    
 
   -   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:     ( )  ,  ()   


 ,       ,       
 ,          ,    
2.     
     : 
     ,     
 
    ,     ,    
        
   -  ,     ,      


         
       
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:  ,            
    ,         
2.
 ,     
;           

3.     
               , 
   ,      
  
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:
               
             
  
            -      
              
4.    
     
          
     
          
 
 ( )   
       
         
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:  ,        
    
     ()         
 ,   
;    '        
  
: - 
        :
2.
  
          
    
1.   :
o  ,      
o           
 , 
      
2.   :
o ,     -     
o   , -          
3. -  :
o       
o       ,   - ,  - 
      
  :   
  ,    :        
   ,     '   
 
      ,       

   ,         
    :
,
2.
,
 , 
 
    
:     
                  
 ,         
     ,    
   '      
 ,      -    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 
    ,          
          
2.             
   
:  :       
                  
,      -      ,      ,
          
       

,        ,         -  
          
    :     
   ,   ,  -
    ,                
 ,     -        
     
 -         
 ,    ,      
            
2.
󺄎󺄏󺄐󺄑󺄒󺄓  
        ,    '     
            - 
 ,
 ,          ,   , , 
          
1.    '
   :    ?
 :     ,         
o  :     : , , , 
o  :     : , , ,  
 


:             
,             ,   
 
 - :           
  ,        : , ,
, 
 :        ,  
          :    
             

2.    '
   :      ,         ?
 :          '    
 : , , ,   
o  :     ,      
  ,    ,     
    '    
- :         ,  
    
  :  , ,   ,

o       -    ,     
 
2.
3.    '
   :     ?
 :      :    , 
  
 :       :   ,
,  
 :     :     , ,

 :      
      
:  , ,  
4.     '
   :      ,          ?
 :              
  :
     ,     
 :      ,         
:     ,    -
:             
  :
   ,      
 
:               
:     , -   
󷊆󷊇       
  
   ,     
    
  
 -      

1.  
 :     ;     
 
 
 :  ,         

 
  :         '    
,          
  : ,     ,    


2.

-

:         
 -      
    ,     ,      
     ,   
2.  
  :    - , ,  -    
  
 :  , ,        
 
 
 : ,       , 
     
  :         
 

-

:          ,     
   ,   - ,         
          
 - ,     
 
          
3.    
         
        ,        
   
󽀼󽀽󽁀󽁁󽀾󽁂󽀿󽁃:    
         
      ,
 
             ,  ,
       
 ,      -          
          
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘:    
   
;    -    
 ,   -  ,        
 ,         
 
    ,    ,  
     ,             
 ,  ,         
2.
 ,  
    , 
          
 -  ,      
-
3.   -             
         
:󷇮󷇭      ,   ,  
  
        ,       , 
       ,          
        '     
  :   
          ,         
 ,         ,        
           ,      
   , ,     '          
 -    ,     -      -
   "" 
,     -- , -   ,    ,
     ,           
  ,   
󷊋󷊊       
     
      '    '   
   ',  -      :
1.   
 
:        (10°N  10°S  )   
   ,    ,  -  
(, ,    )  
2.
:, , -      ,  ( )
           ( 200   ), 
        
 : ,   "  "   
2.      ( )
:-             ,
, ,         
:            , 
   
 :             
3.  
: , , ,        -
    
:      :
o   :   -    
   , ,        
o   :        
  ( ,  ,    )
4.   ()
:, ,           
:,              ,
       
 :         
 ,  
"   "   
5.  
:   -, ,  ,    
,     
:         
,  ,     
6.  
:    -      ,  
 (-), , -  ,   
:      - ,    
            
2.
7.   ( )
:, ,          
:          
  ,       ,    '
     
󷊆󷊇   
       
;           
             
 :
1.       
o , , ,       
o , , ,      
2.      (NTFPs)
o   , , , ,    , ,    
 
o :  , ,        

3.   -
o    ,  -  -  
 '   
4.    
o , ,   , ,     
 ' - 
5. -  
o  ,   ,  -    
  ,      
󷇮󷇭   
   -      ,      
     :
1.     
o         , 
   
o           
 
2.
2. 
  
o           
o  ,       
3.  
o    ,     '    

 ,      
 
4.    
o  , ,   -      
  
    '     
5.     
o             
o            
6.    
o  ,           
o :        
 
󷊈󷊉  
    ,   , ,     
            ,    :
1.   
o      
 ,   
          
      
2.    
o             ,
,          


3. -  
o  '   ,       
       '   
4.    
o             
,       
5.   
o     
;        
   
         
2.
󷋇󷋈󷋉󷋊󷋋󷋌
    ?
        
 -      
          :
1.    -         
2.     -    - 
   
3.  -  ,     -   

4.              '

5.   -      
6.     -           
  
󽆪󽆫󽆬
     ,          , 
 ,   ,             
    -             - 
 
                
  ',       ,  -     
  ' ,   
      
 -         , 
   
 ; 
 ,        
 
4.   -           
           
:󷇮󷇭   : ,     
   ,     , ,      
        ,    ,   
    ,      -  ,    ,
2.
       ,   ,  ,   -   

 
     :      
    -
,     ,         , 
 ,            ,  
        ,     
,      ,   -   ,   
   ,         
󺅥󺅦󺅧󺅨󺅩     
1.    -   
 :   -,   ,    
          
:     ,          
,      
:         ,     
-   -  ' - 



:              ,
   
 ,        
       
   ,           ,   
 
 
2.   -   
 : , ,         

: ,  ,          ' 
   
:    ,    "   "  
 



:              
                  
       ,        
 
3.     -  
2.
 :  ,          
- 
:    ,         ,  
 ,          
: ,        
   



:       - , ,   
   
,     '     
4.   - 
 
 : , ,  ,   -   
   
:               
    
: ,           
( )     



:       ,  
  '   
-       ,     ,   
   
  
5.    -  
 :     ,   ,  ,  

: , ,    
:  ,  ,        



:       ,       
            
        
       
6.   - 
 :  , , , 
: , ,     ' 
: ,      



:   ,      '  ,   
            ,    
   
2.
7.   -   
 : ,       
:   '   (),      
:  ,  ,       



:          - , ,   
 
,          
8.     -   
 :  , ,      
: ,    ,  
: " "   ,      - 
  
 



:               
     ,         
 -    
󷉟󷉠󷉡󷉢󷉣󷉤󷉥󷉦    
   :                ,
      
    
  :  
        ,   
    
  :   ,      ,   1930 
       
  :             
  
 :       ,     

- :   - ,  ,   
   



:               
,    ,           ,   
       
   ,      ,
     
2.
󷊆󷊇   
     
            
 ,     
1.    
      ,    ,      
    
2.   
     -             
  
3.  
     
       

          
4.   
  -         
     
 
5.     
            
      
6.  
                
7.      
          ,  
  
    
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘:    
      
 -       '     
 
            ,   
     ,         ,   
       -      
2.
            
     , 
  
       
;    ,   
    
 
     ,        

  ,           
 ,          -  
    
     
-
5.               
      
:    
 
      ,        
   - , , , ,  
      -
  ,  , ,       
          :  '  
  
     
   ,    '     
       ,     " "  
          
   
 ? ,            
      ,            
        "" ,         
   , ,           
       :
1.  -        
2.  -   
      
1.       
2.
 
""    ,           
  
     -      ,   
 ,     
(a)    
                
          :
1.  -   , ,      
o    1.4     
o      ,       
     
o            
 
 
2.  -   , , ,     
o      ' -  
o            
  
o               
3. - ,        
o       
,      
o , ,          
o   ( )      
 
4. -   -   (   )
             
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔              
 !
()    
         ,    
:
- - , ,   
  -        
  -    ,   -  
(c)    
           :
  , , ,   
 , ,    
2.
       
   ,   
 ,          ,      
    
2.  
  ""  ,    "   "  
-  :  (   1,200   ),   
,     -
   :  ,   ,  
   : , , , 
    
 :    -     ,   
      
3.   
? -  
 
  "
"   -      
    
    ?            
 
     
(a)  
1.  (  )
o      
   ,  
    
o     -  ,        
 -  
o   ,  (, )     
  
 ,   ,    
2. 
o  (  
,   
)   
 :  ,  
o       (   )  
( )    
3.    
o   =   =  
2.
o     ,         

4.   
o        ,      
o  ,           
5.    
o             
o :    ,    
()   
1.  
o , ,          

         
2.   
o  ,           
     : , 
3.   
o   -     -     
   
4.    
o         ,    
   
o :              
  
5.  
o      (     ) 
    
4.  
 
    ,      :
     ,      
        ,   ,     
           -       
 ,    
5. 
2.
 ,           ,    
        ,    ,      
            ,   
      ,          
        ( , , , , )    
( , ,  , )   
 ,               -  
            -     
 
6.  -   -        
  
:  -    
     ,           
  ,   
 ,           
     - "" 
 
  -    ,           
     ,          -   
                ,   
   
          ' 
󷆧󷩕󷆗󷆨󷆩󷆚󷩖󷆛󷩗󷩘󷩙󷆜󷩚󷆝󷇆1.  -   


 
,





 :   (, , ),      
(),    
:
o   ,       
o        
o ,     '  
o        ,     
 
2.
o             
 



:   -     
    ,          '    
    ,  ,        
  
:
o ,      
o           
o           
   
󽂍󽂎󽂏2.   -  





 


 : , , ,     ,   
:
o           - , , , , 

o   (  ,   )      
 
o    
o      '   



:              , 
       ,    -     
                
    
:
o        
o         '  
o           
 
󽀼󽀽󽁀󽁁󽀾󽁂󽀿󽁃3.  -  

 


 


 :   ,  ,     (     ),
 -     
2.
:
o       
o        
 
o      
o       



:            ,    
      ,            
            
:
o    
o        
o    ,        
󷩢󷩣󷩤󷩥󷩦󷩧󷩨󷩩4.   -   

,




 : , , ,     ,  
    
:
o   ,  ,   
o              
o  ,     
o    



:            , 
      
    ,    ,     
    ,           
:
o -  
o  , ,  - (  )    
    '   
o      
󷋃󷋄󷋅󷋆5.   -   





 :      (    ),  ,   -
     
:
2.
o           
o           
o ,      
o           



:           
     
,         
  ,      
:
o      
o               
󷇮󷇭  
  
  -      
 -       
   
     ,     
    
 
   ,       

           
 
           
   
         
󷉟󷉠󷉡󷉢󷉣󷉤󷉥󷉦  
:           ,     
             
:  -      -  
   ,        
:    ,         
:            ,
        
󷊆󷊇   
               :
  
       
2.
   
    
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘:  - 
      ,           
             ',    - 
 ,     ,   ,       
  
     ,  ,     
         -    ,  ,   
     - 
-
7.              
    
:      
               -  , ,  
 -      ,        
      ,         
       ,         
   
         ?        ?
 
   
    ,     
  
    
   --       
   , 
        (         
  )    
  
2.
󷊈󷊉    :  
  
    
          
,          ,     
 :
1.  
  ,           -  
,             ,      
     
, ,             

          
 ,              
       
2.     
-   , , ,          
     
      ""   

         
              
  ,   -       
3.    
       ,  ,     
       ,             
 

-        ,     
      
          
 
           -  ,    
2.
4.  
    ,         ,   
    
               
 '           
           ,       

5.        
      ,   ( " "   
)    ,           
       ,         
  ,          
  , 
      '        
   ,     
6.  
       
  ,   , ,  -
               :
  (  )      -    
,     ',         
 
7.    
           ,       
    
 
-        
              
2.
    ,    
        
   ,  
        
󷇮󷇭    
  
    
   ,  :   
 
? 
     ,      


?
  :   ,    
 , 
 
    
    

1.     
             
      !   ,    
 ,          
2.   
            ,    ,
    
    "
 "    
    
  
  ,        
 ,           
3.   
            ,      
 
     :
    
      
   
2.
      ,     ()   
4.    
         
    
  
   ,    
     
        ,       
    -  
    
         
      '            

5.    
    , ,   -   
,             
          
           '     
6. -  
     ,  ,      '  
  ,            , 
,       
       
         ,    
7.    
                
  
     ,     ?
   ,           


2.
         
 ,          
󷊆󷊇
    ?
    ,    '   :
   :     ,    
 :     
 :       
     :      
   :         

   : -      
        -        ,  ,
 -          
󷇲󷇱:   
 
  -    ,      
  
    ,      
       
 -       ,  
     
 -   , ,      
  
  ,        :     
        
;   

8.    ?   -      
   
:󷋇󷋈󷋉󷋊󷋋󷋌  :      
    ,          ,  
              
,      ,    
 ,  -
2.
         -  ,     -  
 
   
      
;         
         ,    
    
  - ,  
           
 
    ,        ,       
 ,        :     -   
   ,        ,    
  
   ,               
 
󷇮󷇭   ?
  ,               '
   :
1.  -    
o :   - ,    - 
o :           
 ,     
2.  -       
o : , , ,      
 
o :          
 
3.  -   
o : ,  ,  ,   , 
o : -  -    , 
, ,   



:            -
   ,    ' -   ,   
     - , ,  -         ,
         
󷊆󷊇    - 
  :     - , , ,  
     
- :            -
- ,    ,        
   
 
2.
   '            - ,  
,        -   -    
   
 
󽁔󽁕󽁖     
     
?    ,       -
 
1.        
,         
     ,      
:            
2.    
  ,          

 
:            
3. 
,         
 
:          ;   -
  
4.  
 ,  ,   
   

:           
5.  
      -        
:      -     
6.     (-   )
       -       
:             
       
  
     
    
2.
7.     
,          
:       
󷉟󷉠󷉡󷉢󷉣󷉤󷉥󷉦     
      ,          
1.  
               
:             
,    
2.    
    ,      ,  -
            
 
:  -  ,      
3.   (-   )
    '    
 
:     (1845)    
    
 '   ,        
4.  
   ,   , -  
:        -    

5.  
           -  ,
 ,         
6.  
         
:          
 ,    
 (  COVID-19)     
2.
7.   
     
 ,      
:             
󷋃󷋄󷋅󷋆-   :   
-       
    '     

    :   ,     
 
  ,      '   '
  
 :           
,         
:
o     
o      
o -   ' 



:             
  -    ,   ,   ,       ,
        ,        
   
 ,        -  
     
󷊆󷊇  :    
     '  ,           :
 :  ,   , - 
 :  ,  ,  
 :      
 :   '  ()  
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘:   
       
 -     ,   
             ,      
     ,     ,      

2.
    -     -     
;  
      ,  ,       

 
  '  ,           
 
  -    ,     ,   ,   
  -  
        

  ,       
 -      
"               

       ,         "